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31.
地表钙华,是喀斯特地区普遍存在的一种沉积体,是陆相碳酸钙沉积的重要类型。长期以来陆相碳酸钙沉积的水动力成因观点为大多数人所熟悉(1)（2）,生物成因观点则研究较少,在实际中生物作用过程也是不可忽略的,特别是藻类的沉积作用。论文以几种典型的蓝藻为例,通过对自然界水动力条件的模拟,对蓝藻藻类进行了几种水动力条件下的碳酸钙生物沉积试验研究,对比研究了在不同水动力条件下,蓝藻钙化沉积过程。试验得出了钙藻生长与钙化沉积的最适宜水动力为0~60 rpm,在过强的水动力条件下,蓝藻的生长将受到抑制,从而降低蓝藻的钙化沉积速率。文章讨论了在瀑布条件下的陆相碳酸钙沉积是以水动力成因为主导,而在水动力条件较弱的河流中以生物成因为主导,从而提出了,陆相碳酸钙沉积的水动力-生物双成因观点。文章还探讨了在静止状态下,藻类沉积对碳酸钙沉积的贡献大小,叠层石所指示的安静的沉积环境。 相似文献
32.
Deep-sea coral geochemistry: Implication for the vital effect 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Deep-sea corals hold a great potential as a key to important aspects of paleoceanography for at least two reasons, 1) they offer temporal high resolution records of deep-sea environment, because they have growth banding structures, 2) and they are well suited for studying vital effects, because the deep-sea environment does not change over short time scales. However, the relationship between the chemical composition of deep-sea coral skeletons and environmental factors is not well understood. In this study, the chemical composition of deep-sea corals was measured in bulk individuals and along skeletal micro-structures. Among the bulk individuals, δ18O value and Sr / Ca ratio show a negative but weak correlation with ambient temperature. On the other hand, the Mg / Ca ratio has a positive, weak correlation with the temperature. Large variations were found among samples collected from similar temperature. The variation is up to 3.8‰ for δ18O, 0.9 mmol/mol for Sr / Ca ratios, and 0.78 mmol/mol for Mg / Ca ratios among samples with ambient average temperature within 1 °C. This variation may be due to a large vital effect. The centers of calcification (COCs), which were formed at high calcification rate, have lower Sr / Ca, U / Ca and higher Mg / Ca ratios than surrounding fasciculi. This chemical distribution supports the model that elemental incorporation depends on calcification rate. This suggests that calcification rate is a very important factor for the chemical composition in deep-sea corals and is one of the most significant mechanisms of the vital effect. Because of this large vital effect, further investigations are essential to use the deep-sea coral as a temperature proxy. 相似文献
33.
The oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope ratios of 10 species of living Bryozoa collected from the Otago Shelf, New Zealand were analysed to assess the extent to which isotopic equilibrium (relative to inorganic equilibrium isotope fractionation) is attained during the precipitation of skeletal calcium carbonate. The data reveal that whereas eight species of Bryozoa synthesise skeletal carbonate in apparent oxygen isotope equilibrium with respect to environmental conditions, two species (Celleporina grandis and Hippomonavella flexuosa) yield δ18Ocalcite values which indicate significant disequilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation during calcification. Sufficient data are available from one species (C. grandis) to demonstrate that disequilibrium is probably related to kinetic factors associated with diffusion‐controlled transport of HCO3‐ to the site of calcite precipitation. Carbon isotope signatures indicate significant departures from inorganic isotope equilibrium in all but one bryozoan species (Hippomenella vellicata). Although greater uncertainties are associated with estimates of the isotopic composition of total dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CSDIC), the data suggest that two factors—kinetic fractionation and incorporation of respiratory CO2—are important in controlling carbon isotope disequilibrium. Where bryozoan species exhibit evidence for disequilibrium in both oxygen and carbon isotope systems (C. grandis, H. flexuosa), it is likely that kinetic factors are primarily responsible for observed departures from carbon isotope equilibrium. In contrast, the probable explanation for those species which display evidence for carbon isotope disequilibrium only, is that skeletal carbonate is precipitated from a DIC pool modified by the incorporation of respiratory CO2. Differences between the carbon isotope composition of skeletal elements from the same species and co‐existing species living in the same community suggests that significant variations may occur in the extent to which marine DIC and respiratory CO2 are utilised during calcification. Additional studies of carbon pathways associated with calcification are required to assess the relative effects of kinetic, metabolic, and environmental factors on the carbon isotopic composition of bryozoan skeletal carbonate. 相似文献
34.
目的:探讨肺硬化性血管瘤(PSH)的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现,并对照病理结果进行分析,以提高对其认识及影像诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析39例经病理确诊的PSH患者的CT征象,3例仅行胸部CT平扫,余36例行CT平扫和增强。结果:男6例,女33例,平均年龄(46.9±14.36)岁,均为单发病灶,左肺19例,右肺20例。周围型30例,中央型9例,胸膜下32例(15例宽基底贴于胸膜),非胸膜下7例。病灶最大径5~57 mm,呈类圆形或卵圆形,边界清晰,11例边缘见浅分叶。平扫33例密度较均匀,6例欠均匀,平均CT值(34.0±13.4)HU,12例内见钙化。增强扫描多为中等至明显强化(30例),22例强化较均匀,14例强化不均匀,其中4例见低密度坏死区。动脉期平均CT值(77.0±25.6)HU,静脉期病灶呈渐进性或持续强化,平均CT值(91.0±17.1)HU。贴边血管征30例,周围磨玻璃密度影4例。结论:PSH的MSCT表现中贴边血管征、周围GGO征、显著肺动脉征、空气新月征及尾征,具有相对特征性,有助于提高术前的诊断准确性。 相似文献
35.
Studying interactions between excavating sponges and massive corals by the use of hybrid cores 
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下载免费PDF全文 James K. H. Fang Robert A. B. Mason Christine H. L. Schönberg Ove Hoegh‐Guldberg Sophie Dove 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(1)
Excavating sponges often compete with reef‐building corals. To study sponge–coral interactions, we devised a design of hybrid cores that allows sponges and corals to be arranged side by side with similar size and shape, mimicking the situation of neighbouring organisms. Compared to earlier methods that attached sponge cores onto coral surfaces, hybrid cores provide an opportunity to study organism interactions under conditions more equal to the interacting partners. The use of hybrid cores was demonstrated for the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis and the massive coral Porites, which commonly interact on the Great Barrier Reef. Cliona orientalis and massive Porites were cut into half‐moon shaped explants and combined as hybrid cores under replicate conditions. After 90 days in an aquarium setting, positive growth of Cl. orientalis along with net bioerosion were observed in sponge control cores that combined Cl. orientalis with blank substrate. However, when Cl. orientalis and massive Porites were in contact in interaction cores, the sponge displayed negative growth and undetectable bioerosion, and was slightly overgrown by the coral. Cliona orientalis may have developed tissue extension beneath the living coral tissue, but growth and net calcification rates of massive Porites were apparently not affected by Cl. orientalis when comparing the interaction cores to coral control cores that combined massive Porites with blank substrate. Overall, the present work demonstrated that hybrid cores can be used to generate conditions suitable for studying sponge–coral interactions in the laboratory, which can also be applied in the field. 相似文献
36.
Nuia是早奥陶世备受争议的一种疑难钙化微体化石,其分类位置长期以来因内部构造常被成岩作用破坏而未得到解决。本文在薄片镜下观察的基础上,结合拉曼光谱和扫描电镜分析技术,对黔北桐梓地区下奥陶统红花园组生物礁中的Nuia化石进行形态解剖分析并探讨其钙化机制。研究结果显示,Nuia由发射状丝状体(filaments)聚集而成的胶群体(colony)以及外围的钙化外鞘(calcified encrustation)组成,丝状体基部往往有异形胞和(或)厚壁孢子聚集成暗色的中央区。据此,Nuia 可能是蓝藻门念珠藻目胶须藻科(Rivulariaceae, Nostocales, Cyanophyta)的早期代表。通过类比现代蓝藻的钙化机制模型,Nuia 可能具有比较复杂的钙化过程：原植体通过二氧化碳聚集机制(carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, CCMs)进行光合作用的过程中,碳酸盐颗粒首先在原始丝状体的基部胶鞘内沉淀形成黑色的中央区;随着藻丝的生长和假分枝的出现,丝状体的相应位置可形成反映季节变化的钙化带,显示为特殊的分层现象,藻丝生长停止后,藻体表面形成一层公共胶鞘,并经浸染作用和(或)结壳作用形成钙化外鞘;丝状体在早期成岩阶段受到重结晶作用而被交代为方解石纤维。此外,Nuia的中央区和公共胶鞘可能有细胞降解残留的有机大分子,限制了矿物晶体的快速生长,钙化过程中只形成细小的方解石矿物,因而在薄片中呈现出比围岩和钙化丝状体更深的颜色。 相似文献
37.
Scott A. Wooldridge Scott F. Heron Jon E. Brodie Terence J. Done Itsara Masiri Saskia Hinrichs 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):343-354
A spatial risk assessment model is developed for the Great Barrier Reef (GBR, Australia) that helps identify reef locations at higher or lower risk of coral bleaching in summer heat-wave conditions. The model confirms the considerable benefit of discriminating nutrient-enriched areas that contain corals with enlarged (suboptimal) symbiont densities for the purpose of identifying bleaching-sensitive reef locations. The benefit of the new system-level understanding is showcased in terms of: (i) improving early-warning forecasts of summer bleaching risk, (ii) explaining historical bleaching patterns, (iii) testing the bleaching-resistant quality of the current marine protected area (MPA) network (iv) identifying routinely monitored coral health attributes, such as the tissue energy reserves and skeletal growth characteristics (viz. density and extension rates) that correlate with bleaching resistant reef locations, and (v) targeting region-specific water quality improvement strategies that may increase reef-scale coral health and bleaching resistance. 相似文献
38.
海洋酸化没有显著影响成体鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化作用和光合能力 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
工业革命以来,人类活动释放的大量CO2进入大气层,不仅产生严重的温室效应,也使得全球海洋出现酸化的现象。造礁珊瑚被认为是受海水酸化影响最大的类群。本研究以鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)为研究对象,通过气体交换法模拟未来的酸化环境(2100年)研究鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合能力(Fv/Fm)对酸化的响应。实验设置两个pH组(分别为7.8和8.1),自然光下进行4周的实验,水温控制在(27.5±1)℃。由于珊瑚等生物的代谢过程(主要是呼吸作用),实验系统的pH昼夜变化显著,酸化处理组和对照组的pH分别介于7.69~7.91和7.99~8.29。鹿角杯形珊瑚的生长率介于1.15%~2.09%/周,酸化对鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合效率没有显著的影响,鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的敏感度低。对比历史研究数据,本研究的结果进一步表明酸化对造礁珊瑚的影响存在种的特异性。推测鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的抗性可能与该珊瑚在有光的条件下能够利用HCO-3以及能够上调钙化位点的pH有关。这种特异性的pH缓冲能力使得珊瑚能维持钙化位点钙质基质高的文石饱和度(Ωarag),因此能以小的额外能耗提高造礁珊瑚的钙化率。 相似文献
39.
Sedimentation is an important stressor on coral reefs subjected to run-off, dredging and resuspension events. Reefs with a history of high-sediment loads tend to be dominated by a few tolerant coral species. A key question is whether such species live close to their tolerance thresholds or near their niche optima. Here, we analyse experimentally the sediment tolerance of a spatially dominant coral, Turbinaria mesenterina (Dendrophylliidae), at nearshore reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Testing was conducted in a 5-week tank experiment under manipulated sediment loading and flow conditions. Physiological stress was assessed based on the behaviour of three key response variables: skeletal growth rate, energy reserves (lipid content) and photosynthetic performance. Because sediment effects are likely to vary between flow regimes, sediment and flow responses were tested using a full factorial design. Sediment loads greater than 110 mg cm−2 had no effect on any of the physiological variables, regardless of flow (0.7–24 cm s−1). Turbinaria mesenterina is thus tolerant to sediment loads an order of magnitude higher than most severe sediment conditions in situ. Likely mechanisms for such tolerance are that: (1) colonies covered in sediment (60–120 μm) in low-flow were able to clear themselves rapidly (within 4–5 h); and (2) sediment provides a source of food. These results suggest that intensified sediment regimes on coastal reefs may shift coral communities towards dominance by a few well-adapted species. 相似文献
40.
Increasing evidence indicates that transforming growth factor β(TGF-P) signaling pathways play many important roles in the early development of mollusks.However,limited information is known concerning their detailed mechanisms.Here,we describe the identification,cloning and characterization of two Smad genes,the key components of TGF-P signaling pathways,from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.Sequence analysis of the two genes,designated as cgi-smad1/5/8 and cgi-smad4,revealed conserved functional characteristics.The two genes were widely expressed in embryos and larvae,suggesting multiple roles in the early development of C.gigas.The mRNA of the two genes aggregated in the D quadrant and cgi-smad4 was highly expressed on the dorsal side of the gastrula,indicating that TGF-P signaling pathways may be involved in dorsoventral patterning in C.gigas.Furthermore,high expression levels of the two genes in the shell fields of embryos at different stages suggested important roles for TGF-P signaling pathways in particular phases of shell development,including the formation of the initial shell field and the biomineralization of larval shells.The results of this study provide fundamental support for elucidating how TGF-P signaling pathways participate in the early development of bivalve mollusks,and suggest that further work is warranted to this end. 相似文献